A recent article by Mensah, J. T., & Traore, N. (2024) titled “Infrastructure Quality and FDI Inflows: Evidence from the Arrival of High-Speed Internet in Africa” published in The World Bank Economic Review, indicate that access to high-speed Internet induces foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly in the banking and technology sectors.
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Access to high-speed internet induces FDI, particularly in banking and technology sectors, emphasizing the pivotal role of infrastructure in development– Mensah, J. T., & Traore, N. 2024
This article explores the impact of infrastructure quality on foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. Specifically, it investigates how the arrival of high-speed internet in Africa triggered FDI into the region. The study also explores the role of complementary infrastructure, such as access to electricity and road connectivity, in amplifying the impact of internet connectivity on investment. The authors indicate that access to high-speed internet induces FDI, particularly in the service sector, with subsectors like finance, technology, retail, and health services benefiting the most. Additionally, improvements in governance quality and incumbent firm performance are plausible mechanisms for this impact.
How the Study was Conducted
The researchers aim to estimate the causal impact of high-speed internet connectivity on FDI inflows. The authors exploit variations in access to high-speed internet caused by the gradual arrival of submarine fiber-optic internet cables across African countries. Additionally, they consider spatial differences in terrestrial fiber cable networks within African locations. The authors utilize project-level data on FDI from fDiMarkets, a subsidiary of the Financial Times. This dataset covers the period from 2003 to 2018 and provides detailed information on FDI announcements, sectors, investors, capital investment, and job creation. The treatment group comprises subnational districts connected to high-speed internet via submarine cables, while the control group consists of districts lacking such connectivity. The staggered arrival of submarine cables acts as the treatment variable. The study analyzes FDI across various sectors, including services (finance, technology, retail, health), manufacturing, and other subsectors. Outcome variables include binary indicators for FDI presence, the number of FDI projects, and the monetary value of FDI. District-level fixed effects are incorporated to control for unobserved heterogeneity. Additional controls such as distance to the coast, total road length, and electricity grid network density are included to account for other factors that might influence FDI inflows. An event study is conducted to track trends in FDI receipts before and after the introduction of high-speed internet. The results indicate a rise in FDI inflows subsequent to internet connectivity. The authors perform robustness checks, including alternative standard error clustering and expanding the sample to encompass countries with prior connections to first-generation submarine cables.
What the Authors Found
The main findings of the study indicate that access to high-speed Internet induces foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly in the banking and technology sectors. However, the impact is mainly observed in countries with reliable electricity infrastructure, highlighting the role of complementarities in the impact of infrastructure.
Why is this Important
Research and Policy Implications: The article explores the impact of high-speed Internet connectivity on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa. Understanding this relationship has significant implications for policymakers, investors, and development organizations. It sheds light on how improving infrastructure quality, such as Internet access, can attract investment and foster economic growth.
Infrastructure Development: The study highlights the role of complementary infrastructure (such as electricity and roads) in amplifying the impact of Internet connectivity. Policymakers can use this information to prioritize investments in infrastructure development to enhance the business environment and attract FDI.
Sector-Specific Insights: The article identifies which sectors benefit the most from high-speed Internet. For example, the finance and technology services sectors experience significant positive effects. This knowledge can guide investment promotion efforts and sector-specific policies.
Economic Growth: FDI is a crucial driver of economic growth, as it brings technology transfer, job creation, and capital inflows. By understanding how Internet connectivity affects FDI, countries can strategically invest in infrastructure to boost their economies.
Digital Transformation: The arrival of high-speed Internet via submarine cables transformed Africa’s digital landscape. It enabled financial technologies (Fintech), digital entrepreneurship, and e-commerce. Recognizing this transformation helps policymakers and businesses adapt to the digital era.
What the Authors Recommend
- The authors suggest that policymakers in developing countries should prioritize investment promotion initiatives to reduce transaction costs for investors. Complementary infrastructure, such as access to electricity and roads, plays a crucial role in amplifying the impact of Internet connectivity on investment. Therefore, investing in infrastructure development is essential.
- High-speed Internet connectivity has a significant impact on FDI, particularly in the service sector. Subsectors like finance, technology, retail, and health services benefit the most from Internet connectivity. The authors recommend that policymakers should encourage investment in these areas.
- Improving the quality of governance can make countries more attractive for investment.
Increased performance of incumbent firms, driven by Internet connectivity, signals high returns on investment and encourages FDI inflows. - In addition, the authors posit that policymakers should support digital entrepreneurship and create an enabling environment for tech start-ups. Investments in technology services, fintech, and other digital sectors can drive economic growth.
In conclusion, the research presented underscores the transformative power of high-speed internet connectivity on foreign direct investment in Africa. By illuminating the positive impact on various sectors, from finance to technology, the study underscores the importance of strategic infrastructure development. Complementary investments in electricity and road networks emerge as crucial factors in amplifying the benefits of internet access. As policymakers prioritize investment promotion and digital entrepreneurship, fostering an enabling environment becomes paramount. Ultimately, embracing the digital era and bolstering infrastructure can propel Africa’s economic growth and competitiveness on the global stage.
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