African Researchers Magazine (ISSN: 2714-2787) – premier source for latest African research, science and scholarly news

Category: REVIEW PAPERS

This category presents posts from ARM Magazine, featuring updates on the latest developments and showcasing selected review papers from various journals.

  • Livestock Solutions for Sustainable Agri-Food Systems Transformation in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities, and Strategies

    Livestock Solutions for Sustainable Agri-Food Systems Transformation in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities, and Strategies

    A study by Paul, et al., (2023) titled “Livestock solutions to regenerate soils and landscapes for sustainable agri-food systems transformation in Africa” published in Outlook on Agriculture by Sage Publication shows that livestock systems are vital for food security, nutrition, and livelihoods in Africa, but they also have a large environmental footprint and face multiple challenges from climate change, land degradation, and population growth.

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    Livestock systems in Africa offer pathways to sustainability, balancing environmental challenges with soil regeneration, landscape restoration, and climate resilience– Paul, et al., 2023

    This article explores the role of livestock systems in regenerating soils and landscapes for sustainable agri-food systems transformation in Africa. The study posits that livestock can contribute to soil health, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and livelihoods. The study also presents three case studies of livestock interventions in Kenya, east Africa, and southern Africa, and identifies four critical steps for achieving lasting change at a continental scale. Examples of livestock solutions include improved forages, manure management, grazing management, and agroforestry, which can deliver multiple benefits for people and the planet, such as increased productivity, income, resilience, and ecosystem services. Four critical steps are required for scaling up livestock solutions in Africa, namely: (1) establishing a shared vision among stakeholders; (2) prioritizing context-specific entry points; (3) fostering synergies between technical and social gains; and (4) building long-term institutions for sustained impact. The authors also delve into the challenges and opportunities for scaling up livestock solutions and conclude that livestock solutions can be key catalysts for sustainable agri-food systems transformation that merit accelerated public and private investments.

    Challenges and Opportunities Associated with Scaling up Livestock Solutions for Soil Health and Landscape Restoration in Africa

    Challenges:
    Environmental Footprint: Livestock systems have a significant environmental impact, including greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, and water use. Balancing livestock production with environmental sustainability is a challenge.

    Climate Change Resilience: Climate change poses risks to livestock systems through extreme weather events, changing rainfall patterns, and heat stress. Adapting livestock practices to withstand these challenges is crucial.

    Land Degradation: Overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion contribute to land degradation. Managing livestock grazing and restoring degraded lands require innovative approaches.

    Biodiversity Loss: Intensive livestock production can harm local ecosystems and biodiversity. Ensuring livestock practices coexist with wildlife and natural habitats is essential.

    Social Equity: Livestock ownership and benefits are not evenly distributed. Addressing social inequities and empowering smallholders are critical for sustainable livestock solutions.

    Opportunities:
    Carbon Sequestration: Livestock systems can sequester carbon through improved grazing management, agroforestry, and soil conservation practices. This contributes to climate change mitigation.

    Soil Health: Livestock manure enriches soil nutrients, enhancing crop productivity. Integrating livestock and crop systems can improve soil health.

    Agroecological Approaches: Promoting agroecology, where livestock and crops complement each other, fosters sustainable practices. Crop residues as livestock feed and manure as soil amendments are examples.

    Livelihood Diversification: Livestock provide income diversification for rural communities. Supporting livestock-based livelihoods can reduce poverty and enhance resilience.

    Knowledge Sharing: Platforms for knowledge exchange, farmer-to-farmer learning, and research collaboration can accelerate adoption of best practices.

    How the Study was Conducted

    The authors employed a combination of new analyses of original data, a quantitative search in Web of Science, and literature review to explore the role of livestock systems in sustainable agri-food systems transformation in Africa. The authors conducted an international livestock expert survey in 2019 with 94 experts from policy, research, and development with work expertise from Africa, to assess the importance, challenges, and opportunities of livestock systems in Africa. The authors also performed a quantitative literature search on the Web of Science to examine the research interest and investment in Africa, livestock, and environmental issues between 1945 and 2018, using specific search strings for each environmental dimension. The authors further reviewed the existing literature on the potential of livestock solutions to regenerate soils and restore degraded landscapes, such as improved forages, grazing management, and agroforestry systems. In addition, the authors presented case studies of successful livestock solutions from different regions of Africa, such as the Northern Rangelands Trust in Kenya, the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT in east Africa, and the EverGreen Agriculture Partnership in west Africa.

    What the Authors Found

    The authors found that livestock systems are vital for food security, nutrition, and livelihoods in Africa, but they also have a large environmental footprint and face multiple challenges from climate change, land degradation, and population growth. The authors further posit that livestock solutions can regenerate soils and restore degraded landscapes, by increasing carbon sequestration, improving soil health, enhancing water use efficiency, and supporting biodiversity conservation.

    Why is this Important

    Sustainable Agri-Food Systems: The study highlights the critical role of livestock systems in achieving sustainable agri-food systems. Livestock contribute significantly to food security, nutrition, and livelihoods in Africa. Understanding how to harness their potential while minimizing negative environmental impacts is crucial for long-term sustainability.

    Soil Regeneration and Landscape Restoration: Livestock solutions can play a pivotal role in regenerating soils and restoring degraded landscapes. By improving soil health, enhancing carbon sequestration, and supporting biodiversity conservation, livestock systems contribute to ecosystem resilience and productivity.

    Climate Change Mitigation: As the world faces the challenges of climate change, finding ways to mitigate its impact is essential. Livestock solutions that enhance carbon sequestration and reduce greenhouse gas emissions can contribute to global efforts in combating climate change.

    Livelihoods and Resilience: Livestock systems provide livelihoods for millions of people in Africa. By promoting sustainable practices, we can enhance the resilience of communities, improve income opportunities, and ensure food security.

    Scalability and Investment: The study identifies critical steps for scaling up livestock solutions across the continent. Accelerated public and private investments in livestock systems can drive lasting change, benefiting both people and the environment.

    Strategies for Livestock-Centric Sustainable Agri-Food Systems: Recommendations for Policy, Practice, and Collaboration

    • Establish a shared vision among stakeholders to recognize the role of livestock in sustainable agri-food systems transformation and align policies and investments accordingly.
    • Prioritize critical entry points for livestock solutions, such as improved forages, grazing management, and manure management, that can deliver multiple benefits for productivity, resource use efficiency, and ecosystem services.
    • Foster synergies between technical and social gains, such as increased income, food security, nutrition, and social inclusion, that can motivate adoption and scaling of livestock solutions.
    • Build long-term institutions for sustained impact, such as partnerships, platforms, and networks, that can facilitate knowledge exchange, capacity building, and innovation.

    In conclusion, the study underscores the pivotal role of livestock systems in Africa’s journey towards sustainable agri-food systems. Despite facing environmental challenges, livestock solutions offer a pathway to soil regeneration, landscape restoration, and climate resilience. By prioritizing collaboration, innovation, and investment, we can harness the potential of livestock to not only enhance food security and livelihoods but also preserve ecosystems for generations to come. Embracing sustainable practices and fostering inclusive partnerships are key to realizing a future where agriculture thrives harmoniously with nature, ensuring prosperity for both people and the planet.

  • Climate Variability Impact on Ethiopian Agriculture: Adaptation Strategies & Recommendations

    Climate Variability Impact on Ethiopian Agriculture: Adaptation Strategies & Recommendations

    A study by Demem, M. S. (2023) titled “Impact and adaptation of climate variability and change on small-holders and agriculture in Ethiopia: A review” published in Heliyon shows that climate variability and change have significantly affected crop and livestock production, fisheries, and aquaculture, and food security in Ethiopia.

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    Climate variability profoundly impacts Ethiopian agriculture, requiring context-specific, agroecology-based strategies to enhance small-holder farmers’ adaptive capacity and resilience– Demem, M. S. et al., 2023

    Climate variability and change pose significant challenges to small-holder farmers and agriculture in Ethiopia, as highlighted in a recent article. The impact of these changes extends across various aspects of agricultural production, including crop and livestock farming, fisheries, and aquaculture, ultimately affecting food security in the country. Studies cited in the article demonstrate how climate-related hazards such as droughts, floods, pests, diseases, and temperature fluctuations have adversely affected agricultural productivity and income for rural households. These challenges have heightened the vulnerability and food insecurity of small-holder farmers across Ethiopia. In response to these challenges, farmers have adopted various adaptation strategies tailored to their specific contexts. These strategies encompass a range of practices including soil and water conservation, utilization of improved crop and livestock varieties, tree planting, crop diversification, adjustments to planting dates, irrigation, and livelihood diversification. Additionally, integrating livestock with crop production and employing agronomic practices have been instrumental in mitigating the impacts of climate variability. However, the adoption of these adaptation strategies is influenced by a multitude of factors, including socio-economic, institutional, and biophysical considerations. Factors such as gender, age, education, family size, livestock ownership, farm size, access to extension services, credit, markets, climate information, and agroecological zones play crucial roles in determining the success and uptake of adaptation measures. The study emphasizes the necessity for more context-specific and disaggregated studies to better understand the impacts of climate variability and change on agriculture in Ethiopia. Future research should account for the diverse agroecological zones, farming systems, and livelihoods present in the country. Moreover, there is a need to explore the interactions and synergies among different adaptation strategies to inform more effective policy and program design.

    How the Study was Conducted

    The author employed secondary data from various sources such as peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and technical reports from Google and Google Scholar. The study focused on topics related to climate variability and change impacts and adaptation on small-holders and agriculture in Ethiopia. The authors also employed a desk review of relevant literature and coherently paraphrased the information. The study also employed reference management software, Mendeley, to organize and arrange the references.
    In addition, the author presented the findings in the form of narration, tables, and figures. The study also provided some basic information and knowledge for conducting a scientific study on the thematic area.

    What the Authors Found

    The author found that climate variability and change have significantly affected crop and livestock production, fisheries and aquaculture, and food security in Ethiopia. The author posits that smallholder farmers have practiced various adaptation strategies to cope with the impacts of climate variability and change, such as soil and water conservation, improved crop and livestock variety, tree planting, irrigation, crop diversification, and livelihood diversification. The study also highlights that the major factors influencing farmers’ adaptation choices include age, education, farm size, livestock ownership, extension service, credit service, market access, and climate information.

    Why is this Important

    Food Security: Agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopia’s economy, and small-holder farmers play a vital role in ensuring food security for the nation. Climate-related challenges directly affect crop yields, livestock production, and fisheries. By studying these impacts, policymakers and practitioners can develop strategies to enhance food security and reduce vulnerability.

    Livelihoods: Small-holder farmers heavily rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. Climate variability disrupts traditional farming practices, affecting income, employment, and overall well-being. Understanding adaptation strategies helps farmers maintain their livelihoods and build resilience against climate shocks.

    Sustainable Development: Sustainable agricultural practices are essential for long-term development. By identifying effective adaptation measures, Ethiopia can promote sustainable farming techniques, conserve natural resources, and mitigate climate-related risks.

    Policy Formulation: Evidence-based policies are crucial for addressing climate challenges. Research on adaptation strategies informs policymakers about the most effective interventions. It guides the allocation of resources, development of extension services, and implementation of climate-smart policies.

    Resilience Building: Strengthening the resilience of small-holder farmers is essential for coping with climate change. Knowledge about successful adaptation practices empowers farmers to make informed decisions, adopt new technologies, and withstand environmental shocks.

    What the Authors Recommend

    The authors recommend the following actions to address the impact and adaptation of climate variability and change on small-holders and agriculture in Ethiopia

    • The authors suggest that scholars should conduct their studies in a disaggregate way for impact and adaptation to climate-related problems and the corresponding factors across agroecologies in Ethiopia.
    • The authors propose that adaptation strategies should be designed and targeted based on agro-ecological zones instead of recommending and implementing uniform interventions.
    • The authors emphasize that institutional factors such as extension service, credit service, and market access should be given consideration and implementing at grass root level.
    • The authors stress that actions should be taken to improve the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers reduce the vulnerability of the country to current and projected climate change and variability and increase production and productivity.

    In conclusion, the study underscores the critical impact of climate variability and change on Ethiopia’s agriculture and small-holder farmers. Through a comprehensive analysis of adaptation strategies and influential factors, it highlights the urgent need for context-specific research, targeted interventions, and institutional support to bolster resilience and ensure sustainable agricultural development. By heeding these recommendations and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, Ethiopia can navigate the challenges posed by climate change, safeguard food security, and fortify the livelihoods of its rural communities.

  • Determinants of Child Undernutrition in Southern Africa: A Scoping Review Analysis

    Determinants of Child Undernutrition in Southern Africa: A Scoping Review Analysis

    A recent article by Mukisa, et al., (2024) titled “Determinants of undernutrition in children under five years in the Southern Africa sub-region: a scoping review” published in Journal of Health Research shows that stunting was the most prevalent form of undernutrition, ranging from 18% to 48% across the sub-region.

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    Stunting prevails as the primary form of child undernutrition in Southern Africa, necessitating targeted interventions, research, and policy development– Mukisa, et al., 2024

    This article delves into the determinants of undernutrition among children under the age of five in the Southern Africa sub-region, employing a scoping review of existing literature. Adhering to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework for conducting scoping reviews, the authors present their findings following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-SCR). It encompasses diverse sources such as peer-reviewed articles, unpublished reports, dissertations, and case studies, all published in English between January 2000 and November 2022. The study primarily focuses on five countries within the sub-region: South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, and Eswatini. The study posits that the prevalence of undernutrition among children under five years old is notably high and varies across the sub-region, with stunting emerging as the predominant form of undernutrition. It identifies four tiers of factors influencing child undernutrition: maternal, child, household, and community-related factors. Moreover, the article underscores the implications of these factors for policy and program development while stressing the necessity for further research on maternal and child nutrition in the sub-region.

    How the Study was Conducted

    The authors adhered to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework for conducting scoping reviews and presented their findings using the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-SCR). They established eligibility criteria for evidence sources based on participant type, concept, context, and source type. The authors employed searches across various electronic databases, government ministry portals, and reference lists of identified studies to locate relevant articles published in English from January 2000 to November 2022. Eligible articles were selected through a two-step screening process involving title and abstract screening, followed by full-text screening. Any discrepancies among reviewers were resolved through consensus or mediation. Data from the included articles were extracted and organized using a piloted data extraction form and Excel software. The extracted data encompassed details such as author, publication year, study design, location, setting, sample size, participants, intervention, and key findings. The authors analyzed the data through narrative synthesis and thematic analysis methods, presenting the findings in tabulated form and narrative style.

    What the Authors Found

    The authors found that stunting was the most prevalent form of undernutrition, ranging from 18% to 48% across the sub-region. South Africa had the highest stunting prevalence, followed by Lesotho and Eswatini. In addition, the authors found that there was a paucity of research on maternal and child nutrition in the sub-region, especially in Namibia and Botswana.

    Why is this Important

    Public Health Impact: Undernutrition has severe consequences for child health and development. Stunting, wasting, and underweight can lead to long-term health issues, cognitive impairments, and reduced productivity in adulthood. Addressing undernutrition is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and improving overall population health.

    Policy and Program Development: The identified determinants provide valuable insights for policymakers and program implementers. By understanding the factors influencing child nutrition, targeted interventions can be designed to address specific challenges. For instance, maternal education and household wealth play critical roles, suggesting the need for educational programs and poverty alleviation strategies.

    Research Priorities: The knowledge gaps highlighted by the authors underscore the need for further research. Investigating the impact of HIV, food insecurity, and climate change on child undernutrition is essential. Researchers, funding agencies, and stakeholders should prioritize these areas to generate evidence for effective interventions.

    Intersectoral Collaboration: The multifaceted nature of undernutrition requires collaboration across sectors. Health, education, agriculture, and social welfare departments must work together to create comprehensive solutions. This study emphasizes the importance of intersectoral coordination.

    What the Authors Recommend

    • The authors note that there is a significant lack of quality research on maternal and child nutrition in the sub-region, especially in countries other than South Africa. Therefore, the authors suggest that more studies are needed to understand the determinants, consequences, and interventions for undernutrition and that scoping reviews can be a useful tool to synthesize existing evidence and identify knowledge gaps.
    • The authors emphasize that undernutrition is a multifaceted problem that requires the involvement and engagement of various stakeholders, including policymakers, politicians, health workers, community members, and end-users. The authors call for prioritizing nutrition in related sectoral policies and programs and fostering effective partnerships across different levels and sectors.
    • The authors highlight that there are proven interventions that can address the basic, underlying, and root causes of undernutrition, such as improving maternal and child feeding and care practices, promoting exclusive breastfeeding, providing micronutrient supplementation, and ensuring food security and sanitation. The authors urge countries to adopt and implement these interventions at policy, health-system, and community levels, and to monitor and evaluate their impact.

    In conclusion, this comprehensive scoping review sheds light on the multifaceted nature of child undernutrition in Southern Africa. By employing rigorous methodologies and synthesizing existing literature, the study underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions, research prioritization, and policy development to address the underlying determinants of undernutrition. With a focus on maternal, child, household, and community-related factors, the findings emphasize the critical role of intersectoral collaboration and evidence-based interventions in combating undernutrition and improving child health outcomes. Moving forward, concerted efforts from policymakers, researchers, healthcare professionals, and community stakeholders are essential to mitigate the long-term consequences of undernutrition and ensure the well-being of children across the Southern Africa sub-region.

  • Unlocking Disaster Response: Earth Observation’s Role in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) – A Sustainability Study

    Unlocking Disaster Response: Earth Observation’s Role in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) – A Sustainability Study

    A recent study by Shah, et al., (2023) titled “A Systematic Review Investigating the Use of Earth Observation for the Assistance of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Disaster Response and Recovery” published in Sustainability, by MDPI journals, shows that earth observation technology can be used for monitoring surface water quality, groundwater sensing, and mapping and monitoring of hazards and infrastructure.

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    Earth observation technology enhances disaster response by monitoring water quality, groundwater, and infrastructure, yet global integration and research gaps persist.– Shahet al., 2023

    The article delves into the transformative role of Earth observation technology, including satellites, drones, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in bolstering water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services during disaster response and recovery efforts. Through a meticulous analysis of existing literature, the article elucidates how Earth observation tools have been employed to monitor surface water quality, gauge groundwater conditions, and effectively map and track hazards and infrastructure pertinent to WASH services. Moreover, the study navigates through the multifaceted landscape of employing Earth observation techniques in WASH contexts during crises, shedding light on their myriad benefits, inherent limitations, and encountered challenges. It underscores the potential of these technologies to offer timely and precise data crucial for informed decision-making and resource allocation during disaster responses. However, it also underscores the complexities and constraints inherent in integrating Earth observation tools into dynamic disaster scenarios, including issues related to data accessibility, interpretation, and interoperability. Crucially, the article identifies gaps in current research and practice, pinpointing avenues for future exploration and innovation in this nascent field. By offering a panoramic view of the current state of knowledge and practice, the article serves as a foundational resource for stakeholders involved in disaster management, WASH provision, and technological innovation. It underscores the imperative of continual refinement and adaptation of Earth observation methodologies to address evolving challenges and maximize their utility in safeguarding WASH services amidst crises.

    How the Study was Conducted

    A systematic literature review was employed to identify relevant scientific papers and grey literature that used Earth observation technology for water or sanitation-related use, or in a disaster context. The literature was scanned against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, which were based on the publication date, language, focus, and relevance of the paper. The literature that met the inclusion criteria was analyzed and reviewed to assess the potential for Earth observation technology to assist with WASH in the response and recovery phases of disasters. The authors’ categorized literature into three common uses of Earth observation technology: monitoring of surface water quality, groundwater sensing, and mapping and monitoring of hazards and infrastructure. The methods and outcomes of the literature were discussed and evaluated for their applicability and limitations in the context of WASH and disasters.

    What the Authors Found

    The authors found that earth observation technology can be used for monitoring surface water quality, groundwater sensing, and mapping and monitoring of hazards and infrastructure. The study posits that satellites are the most widely used and studied Earth observation tool, followed by UAVs/drones and GIS. However, there is a lack of integration and coordination among these technologies and other data sources. In addition, the authors found that there is an unequal distribution of studies across different continents, with most studies focusing on North America, Europe and Asia, and few studies on Africa, South America and Oceania, where disaster risk and WASH vulnerability are higher.

    Why is this Important

    Earth observation technology can be used for monitoring surface water quality, groundwater sensing, and mapping and monitoring of hazards and infrastructure. Satellites are the most widely used and studied Earth observation tool, followed by UAVs or drones, and GIS. However, there is a lack of integration and coordination among these technologies and other data sources. There is a gap in the literature on the use of Earth observation for sanitation services, which are equally important as water services for WASH provision and disaster resilience. There is an unequal distribution of studies across different continents, with most studies focusing on North America, Europe, and Asia, and few studies on Africa, South America, and Oceania, where disaster risk and WASH vulnerability are higher. There is a need for more experimental and large-scale studies to test the performance and capabilities of Earth observation technology in different disaster scenarios and WASH contexts.

    In conclusion, the study highlights the pivotal role of Earth observation technology in bolstering water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services during disaster response and recovery efforts. Through meticulous analysis, it underscores the transformative potential of satellites, drones, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in monitoring surface water quality, groundwater conditions, and mapping hazards and infrastructure critical to WASH provision. While acknowledging the inherent complexities and challenges, the study emphasizes the imperative of continual refinement and adaptation of Earth observation methodologies to address evolving crises. By identifying research gaps and advocating for global inclusivity in studies, it paves the way for future exploration and innovation in this vital field, ultimately safeguarding WASH services amidst disasters worldwide.

  • Unlocking Africa’s Circular Economy: Sustainable Business Networks and Key Insights for Growth

    Unlocking Africa’s Circular Economy: Sustainable Business Networks and Key Insights for Growth

    A recent article by Muzamwese, et al., (2024) titled “The Role of Sustainable Business Networks in Promoting a Circular Economy in Africa—A Systematic Literature Review” published in Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, shows that networks need to adopt suitable business models, evaluation methods, and best practices to ensure their sustainability and scalability.

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    Sustainable business networks play a pivotal role in advancing the Circular Economy in Africa by fostering collaboration and innovation.– Muzamwese, et al., 2023

    This study explores the role of sustainable business networks in promoting a Circular Economy (CE) in Africa, based on a systematic literature review. The study aims to define the concepts of CE, Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP), and Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP), and explain how they are related to sustainable development and industrial transformation. The authors also delve into analyzing the existing literature on sustainable business networks and their functions, benefits, challenges, and impacts on CE adoption in different contexts, especially in developing and transition countries. The authors identify the knowledge gaps and research opportunities for further studies on network collaboration for CE in Africa, where the implementation of CE is still low and faces multiple barriers, therefore, provide insights and recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on how to foster and evaluate effective network collaboration for CE in Africa and beyond.

    How the Study was Conducted

    The authors employed a systematic literature search utilizing scientific databases like Web of Science and Scopus, employing keywords associated with networks, collaboration, and circular economy and meticulously screened titles, abstracts, and full texts of articles, ultimately selecting 50 pertinent articles for review. In addition to academic articles, the authors scrutinized project reports, network briefings, charters, and proceedings from networking conferences across various networks. This comprehensive document review yielded valuable insights into network performance, activities, and impact. Utilizing case study research methods, the authors delved into the depth and breadth of network experiences and outcomes across diverse contexts. The authors employed a blend of quantitative and qualitative data sourced directly from network materials, ensuring a multifaceted analysis of network dynamics and effectiveness.

    What the Authors Found

    The authors found that:

    1. Networks can facilitate knowledge sharing, innovation transfer, policy influence, and collaboration among various stakeholders for a CE transition.
    2. Networks face several challenges and barriers, such as lack of financial resources, governance structures, legal frameworks, and contextual factors, that affect their effectiveness and impact.
    3. Networks need to adopt suitable business models, evaluation methods, and best practices to ensure their sustainability and scalability.
    4. There is a limited research on networks in developing regions, especially in Africa, and more empirical and theoretical studies are needed to understand their dynamics and outcomes.

    Why is this Important

    Environmental Impact: Circular economy practices aim to reduce waste, conserve resources, and minimize environmental harm. By fostering collaboration through networks, businesses can collectively work towards sustainable production, consumption, and waste management. This has a direct positive impact on the environment by reducing pollution, conserving energy, and preserving natural ecosystems.

    Economic Growth: CE practices can lead to economic growth by creating new business opportunities, generating jobs, and enhancing resource efficiency. Sustainable business networks facilitate knowledge exchange, innovation, and market access, which contribute to economic development in Africa.

    Social Benefits: CE networks involve various stakeholders, including businesses, governments, NGOs, and local communities. By working together, they can address social challenges such as poverty reduction, improved livelihoods, and equitable distribution of resources. For instance, circular business models that promote recycling and upcycling can create employment opportunities for marginalized communities.

    Resilience and Adaptability: In a rapidly changing world, businesses need to adapt to new regulations, consumer preferences, and global challenges. Sustainable networks provide a platform for learning, capacity-building, and resilience. They enable businesses to stay informed, collaborate on solutions, and navigate uncertainties effectively.

    Policy Influence: Networks can advocate for policy changes that support CE principles. By pooling resources and expertise, they can influence policymakers to create an enabling environment for circular practices. This includes incentives, regulations, and infrastructure investments that promote sustainable business models.

    Knowledge Sharing: CE networks facilitate the exchange of best practices, case studies, and research findings. Businesses can learn from each other’s successes and failures, accelerating the adoption of circular practices. This collective learning contributes to a more informed and effective transition towards a circular economy.

    What the Authors Recommend

    • The authors suggest that further research on business models for sustainable business networks in delivering a circular economy, especially in developing regions such as Africa should be focused.
    • The authors also recommend an assessment of the effect of legal status and governance structure on the effectiveness of sustainable business networks.
    • Further research on the other causal factors influencing a circular economy transition, such as legal, financial, technological, social, and policy factors.
    • In addition, the study posits that evaluation of the performance, impact, and change of sustainable business networks in promoting a circular economy in different contexts and sectors should be implemented.

    In conclusion, the study underscores the pivotal role of sustainable business networks in driving the adoption of Circular Economy principles in Africa and beyond. Through meticulous research and analysis, the authors shed light on the challenges, opportunities, and essential elements necessary for the successful implementation of circular practices. As we navigate towards a more sustainable future, it is imperative for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers to heed the insights provided and collaborate effectively to foster a circular economy that not only preserves our planet’s resources but also promotes inclusive economic growth and social well-being. Embracing innovation, sharing knowledge, and advocating for supportive policies are crucial steps towards realizing the transformative potential of sustainable business networks in shaping a more resilient and equitable world for generations to come.

  • Understanding Listeriosis Challenges in Africa: Risks, Transmission Dynamics, and Recommendations for Enhanced Food Safety

    Understanding Listeriosis Challenges in Africa: Risks, Transmission Dynamics, and Recommendations for Enhanced Food Safety

    A recent article by Sibanda, et al., (2023) titled “Listeria monocytogenes at the food–human interface: A review of risk factors influencing transmission and consumer exposure in Africa” published in International Journal of Food Science & Technology, by John Wiley & Sons Ltd shows that Listeriosis is a foodborne disease that is not well understood or prioritized in Africa, despite causing the biggest outbreak in 2018 in South Africa.

    This article delves into the challenges posed by listeriosis, a bacterial foodborne disease, in the African context. It explores various aspects, including the incidence and mortality rates in Africa compared to other global regions, potential reasons behind the historically low reported cases, and the emergence of recent outbreaks, particularly in South Africa.

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    The article reveals that Listeriosis in Africa is insufficiently understood, posing a significant public health risk, requiring urgent interventions and awareness.– Sibanda et al., 2023

    Listeriosis in Africa
    Listeriosis is a serious bacterial foodborne disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes. The piece critically examines the incidence and mortality rates of listeriosis in Africa, drawing comparisons with other parts of the world. It sheds light on the factors contributing to the comparatively low reported cases in the past, while also addressing the recent upsurge in South Africa and the factors associated with this outbreak.

    African Food Value Chains
    African food value chains are characterized by a diverse range of products, an informal sector, environmental conditions, and a lack of food safety regulations and standards. This article provides insights into the characteristics and challenges of agri-food value chains in Africa. It highlights key factors such as product diversity, the prevalence of informal sectors, environmental conditions, and the absence of robust food safety regulations and standards.

    Transmission Dynamics of L. monocytogenes
    The transmission dynamics of L. monocytogenes in African food value chains are influenced by various factors, such as animal reservoirs, soil and water contamination, processing and storage practices, and consumer behavior. An in-depth analysis is presented on the sources, pathways, and influencing factors related to the transmission of L. monocytogenes in African food value chains.

    How the Study was Conducted

    The authors employed a systematic review of the existing literature on listeriosis in Africa by utilizing databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search encompassed articles published between 2000 and 2020, employing specific keywords and adhering to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Extracted from the selected articles were data related to the epidemiology, risk factors, and control measures associated with listeriosis in the African context. The authors employed a descriptive analysis approach using Microsoft Excel and R software. The authors computed various metrics, including the incidence, mortality, and case fatality rates of listeriosis in Africa. Additionally, they examined the distribution of cases based on factors such as age, gender, and country. The authors also delved into identifying the primary sources and vehicles responsible for the transmission of Listeria monocytogenes. Furthermore, the study explored the challenges and opportunities linked to the prevention and control of listeriosis in the African region.

    What the Authors Found

    The authors found that Listeriosis is a foodborne disease that is not well understood or prioritized in Africa, despite causing the biggest outbreak in 2018 in South Africa. The authors also found that African food value chains (FVCs) have become longer and more informal, with increased consumption of processed ready-to-eat (RTE) foods that are associated with higher risk of L. monocytogenes exposure.

    Why is this Important

    Public health risk: L. monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause severe infections, especially in vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The study found that L. monocytogenes was prevalent in various ready-to-eat foods and pasteurized milk samples from different African countries, indicating a potential public health risk for consumers.

    Food safety management: The study revealed that L. monocytogenes contamination was influenced by various factors along the food chain, such as raw materials, processing environments, hygiene practices, storage conditions, and distribution channels. The study suggested that continuous monitoring, stringent surveillance, and source tracking are crucial to ensure food safety and prevent outbreaks of listeriosis.

    Climate change adaptation: The study also discussed how climate change could affect the occurrence and persistence of L. monocytogenes in food products and environments. The study highlighted the need for adaptation strategies to cope with the challenges posed by climate change, such as improving infrastructure, enhancing cold chain, implementing hazard analysis and critical control points, and raising awareness among stakeholders.

    What the Authors Recommend

    • The authors suggest that African countries should implement systems for the detection and reporting of listeriosis cases: This could be done through laboratory diagnosis of meningitis and maternal infections, and enhanced by genomic surveillance techniques like whole-genome sequencing.
    • The study recommends that African countries should develop domestic standards and regulations for L. monocytogenes in high-risk RTE foods: This would provide a layer of consumer protection and reflect the risk profiles of African RTE products and populations.
    • In addition, the authors argue that African countries should conduct risk profiling of African RTE foods: This would help to understand the growth potential of L. monocytogenes in the commonly used temperature-time conditions of storage and consumption.
    • Furthermore, the study posits that African countries should provide consumer risk education and dietary guidelines for listeriosis-susceptible subpopulations: This would help to raise awareness and prevent exposure to the pathogen.

    In conclusion, this comprehensive review sheds light on the critical challenges posed by Listeriosis in the African context. Despite being a significant public health risk, the disease remains poorly understood and underprioritized in the region. The study emphasizes the intricate dynamics within African food value chains, revealing increased vulnerability due to longer and more informal chains, coupled with the rising consumption of ready-to-eat foods. The authors advocate for urgent actions, proposing the implementation of robust detection and reporting systems, the development of domestic standards, risk profiling of foods, and the importance of consumer education. Addressing these recommendations is crucial not only for safeguarding public health but also for building resilient food systems in the face of emerging threats like Listeria monocytogenes.

  • Unlocking Quantum Potential: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis on Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) and Their Versatile Applications Across Industries

    Unlocking Quantum Potential: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis on Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) and Their Versatile Applications Across Industries

    A recent article by Mvita et al., (2023) titled “Meta-Analysis and Systematic Literature Review on Applications of Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs)” published in Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Society, shows that VQAs prove versatile in quantum tasks but face challenges like barren plateaus, hardware noise, limiting NISQ device performance.

    This article explores the multifaceted applications of variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) across diverse fields such as chemistry, optimization, and machine learning. Employing a systematic literature review and a meta-regression analysis of 192 publications on VQAs, the study aims to furnish a thorough overview of their current state, future prospects, challenges, and opportunities. Additionally, the article proposes potential applications of VQAs in the metallurgy and mineral processing industry.

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    Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) exhibit versatility and potential applications, yet face challenges, prompting exploration of error mitigation and hybrid architectures.– Mvita et al., 2023

    Some of the potential applications of VQAs in the metallurgy and mineral processing industry are:

    Molecular structure determination: VQAs can be used to find the ground and excited energy states of different molecules, which can help in understanding the properties and interactions of various materials.
    Material science applications: VQAs can be used to simulate and optimize the behavior of strongly correlated systems, which are relevant for designing novel materials with desired characteristics.
    Data compression and classification: VQAs can be used to compress and classify quantum data, which can be useful for processing large amounts of information from sensors, detectors, or imaging devices.
    Optimization and prediction: VQAs can be used to solve complex optimization problems, such as discrete search space optimization, or to develop trainable quantum models for accurate predictions of unknown and unseen data sets.

    How the study was conducted

    The authors meticulously formulated six key questions to guide their investigation. To compile relevant literature, they employed a systematic approach, leveraging specific keywords and criteria across diverse databases. The study’s selection process was transparently documented using PRISMA diagrams, inclusion and exclusion tables, ensuring a rigorous and reproducible methodology. The main indicator of meta-analytical effect size was Cohen’s d, with the authors translating other effect sizes reported in primary studies accordingly. Meta-regression was employed to scrutinize statistical relationships between VQA applications and outcomes, alongside the identification of potential moderators. Software tools such as Minitab and Excel played pivotal roles in effect size calculation and meta-regression analyses. A structured coding sheet was designed to record essential information from each primary study, including study name, effect size, and sample size. This systematic approach allowed for a comprehensive overview of the landscape, enabling researchers to discern patterns and trends. Preliminary sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify outliers and assess publication bias. The authors then embarked on the main meta-regression analysis, employing different models and variables to unravel nuanced insights into the relationships between VQA applications, outcomes, and potential moderating factors.

    What the authors found

    The authors found that VQAs are versatile and adaptable frameworks that can be used for various tasks, such as finding ground and excited states of molecules, solving combinatorial optimization problems, and learning patterns from quantum data. The authors also found that VQAs face several challenges, such as barren plateaus, hardware noise, and gradient estimation, that limit their performance and accuracy on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. In addition, the authors posit that VQAs also offer several opportunities, such as error mitigation, noise resilience, and hybrid quantum-classical architectures, that can enhance their potential and applicability in near-term quantum computing. VQAs have a strong connection with quantum machine learning, as they share similar methods, models, and objectives, and the lessons learned from one field can benefit the other.

    Why is this important

    This is an important topic because variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are a promising approach to harness the power of quantum computing for various applications, such as chemistry, optimization, and machine learning. VQAs use a classical optimizer to train a parametrized quantum circuit, which can potentially achieve a quantum advantage over classical methods. However, VQAs also face many challenges, such as noise, barren plateaus, and circuit design. Therefore, it is useful to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic literature review on the existing literature on VQAs, to identify the main methods, outcomes, challenges, and opportunities in this field. A meta-analysis can provide a quantitative summary of the effect sizes and the heterogeneity of the results across different studies, while a systematic literature review can provide a qualitative synthesis of the research questions, methods, and findings of the relevant studies. By doing so, the authors aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art and the future directions of VQAs.

    In conclusion, the meta-analysis and systematic literature review conducted by Mvita et al. shed light on the multifaceted landscape of variational quantum algorithms (VQAs). Their research illuminates the versatility of VQAs across diverse fields, showcasing their potential applications in industries like metallurgy and mineral processing. While VQAs prove instrumental in tasks such as molecular structure determination, material science simulations, and data processing, the study also highlights persistent challenges, including barren plateaus and hardware noise. Nevertheless, the authors identify promising opportunities such as error mitigation and hybrid quantum-classical architectures, emphasizing the continued potential of VQAs in shaping the landscape of quantum computing. This comprehensive overview serves as a valuable resource for researchers, offering insights into the current state, future prospects, and avenues for improvement within the realm of variational quantum algorithms.

     

  • Navigating African Migration: AU Policies, Geopolitical Security, and Collaborative Solutions for a Transformed, Inclusive, and Secure Continent

    Navigating African Migration: AU Policies, Geopolitical Security, and Collaborative Solutions for a Transformed, Inclusive, and Secure Continent

    A recent article by Omilusi, M. (2023) titled “African Union’s Migration Governance Framework, the Refugee Crisis and Challenges for Geopolitical Security” published in Turkish Journal of Diaspora Studies, examines that migration within Africa is predominantly intra-continental, influenced by demographic, economic, political, environmental, and conflict factors.

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    Intra-continental migration in Africa, influenced by diverse factors, poses geopolitical security threats, demanding collaborative regional efforts for effective governance.– Omilusi, M. 2023

    This article explores migration and displacement issues in Africa, with a focus on the African Union’s migration policy frameworks, the refugee crisis, and the challenges for geopolitical security. The author posits that migration in Africa is characterized by diverse patterns and causes, such as conflict, violence, environmental degradation, socio-economic factors, and regional integration. The African Union has developed various policy instruments and initiatives to address migration governance and protection, such as the Migration Policy Framework for Africa, the Kampala Convention, and the Rabat Process. The study further explores that forced migration poses significant threats to national and regional stability and security, as well as humanitarian and development challenges, especially in sub-regions such as the Horn of Africa, the Great Lakes region, and the Lake Chad Basin. Emphasizing responsibility-sharing, the study underscores the need for collaborative efforts to provide lasting solutions for refugees, addressing both immediate challenges and root causes of displacement.

    How the Study was Conducted

    The author employed an in-depth desk review of migration-related issues in Africa, using secondary sources such as academic literature, policy documents, reports, and media articles. The study adopts a regional approach to analyze the different migration patterns, trends, and challenges in Africa, focusing on the role of the African Union and its policy frameworks. The study employs a critical discourse analysis to examine the gaps and limitations of the existing migration policy frameworks and their implementation at the national and regional levels. The author further employed a geopolitical security perspective to explore the implications of forced migration and refugee flows for the stability and development of the continent and its sub-regions.

    What the Authors Found

    The study reveals that migration within Africa is predominantly intra-continental, influenced by demographic, economic, political, environmental, and conflict factors. Despite the African Union’s establishment of various migration policies and legal frameworks for governance and protection, challenges persist in their implementation. Forced migration jeopardizes both geopolitical security and human rights, necessitating regional cooperation and global solidarity. Addressing the multifaceted challenges of African migration requires effective regional integration, cooperation, and shared responsibility, offering potential for developmental and societal transformation.

    Why is this important?

    Migration holds potential for positive economic and social impacts, like remittances, skills transfer, and trade. However, challenges such as brain drain, human trafficking, and social exclusion exist. Effective migration governance is crucial to optimize benefits and minimize costs for both origin and destination countries. Security concerns arise, especially in irregular, forced, or mixed migration scenarios. Governance can address root causes like conflict, poverty, and climate change, safeguarding migrants’ rights and dignity. Coordination among national, regional, and international actors is vital to prevent and resolve migration-related conflicts. While migration enriches cultural diversity, integration challenges may arise, making governance essential for fostering inclusion, mutual respect, and understanding. It also supports voluntary return and reintegration when conditions permit.

    What the Authors Recommend

    • The authors suggest that African countries should adopt and implement the AU’s migration policy frameworks, enhance conflict prevention and resolution, and support host countries and communities with adequate resources and assistance.
    • The authors argue that African countries need to improve their data collection and analysis on migration trends, drivers, and impacts, and share information and best practices among regional and global actors.
    • The authors propose that African countries should provide refugees with access to education, health, social services, and employment opportunities, as well as durable solutions such as voluntary repatriation, resettlement, and local integration.
    • The authors emphasize that African countries should address the political, socio-economic, and environmental factors that trigger mass migration, and invest in human development and security for their citizens.

    In conclusion, the study underscores the complexity of migration within Africa, shaped by diverse factors ranging from demographic shifts to environmental challenges and conflicts. While the African Union has implemented various policy frameworks to govern and protect migrants, challenges persist in their effective implementation. Forced migration emerges as a significant threat to both geopolitical security and human rights, necessitating collaborative efforts at regional and global levels. The findings emphasize the importance of enhanced regional integration, cooperation, and shared responsibility to address the multifaceted challenges of African migration. The recommendations put forth highlight the critical need for adopting and implementing AU migration policies, improving data collection, providing essential services to refugees, and addressing root causes through investments in human development and security. Ultimately, effective governance is pivotal in optimizing the positive impacts of migration while minimizing its associated costs, ensuring a balanced and inclusive approach that fosters societal transformation and mutual understanding.

  • Exploring Harmony: Ekpeye Traditional Festival, Missionaries, and the Call for Inclusive Christianity in Nigeria

    Exploring Harmony: Ekpeye Traditional Festival, Missionaries, and the Call for Inclusive Christianity in Nigeria

    A recent article by Nwokuka, D. O. (2023) titled “Ekpeye Traditional Festival and the Missionary Enterprise” published in OCHENDO: An African Journal of Innovative Studies, shows that missionaries imposed their own cultural and religious biases on the Ekpeye people and failed to appreciate the richness and diversity of their indigenous religion.

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    Missionaries imposed biases on Ekpeye, overlooking the cultural richness; the Ekpeye festival harmoniously expresses their worldview and values alongside Christianity.– Nwokuka, D. O. 2023

    This study delves into the interplay between the Ekpeye traditional festival and missionary endeavors in Nigeria. Emphasizing the religious essence of African culture, it critiques missionaries for dismissing the Ekpeye festival without grasping its cultural significance. The author also explores the historical impact of Christianization and colonization in Africa, shaping African identity and worldview. Furthermore, it advocates for contextualized and indigenized expressions of Christianity in Africa, urging respect for indigenous values and a critical examination of the encounter between Ekpeye traditional religion and Christianity.

    How the Study was Conducted

    The author employed a literature review on the subject, such as books, articles, journals, and reports, to provide historical and theoretical background and context. The study relied heavily on information deduced based on the researcher’s elaborate reading and personal observation of the Ekpeye Traditional Festival and its cultural and religious significance. The author also conducted interviews with some of the participants and organizers of the Ekpeye Traditional Festival, as well as some of the missionaries and church leaders who interacted with the Ekpeye people, to gain their perspectives and insights.

    What the Authors Found

    The author found that the Ekpeye traditional festival is a religious and cultural expression of the Ekpeye people. The festival reflects their worldview, values, and aspirations and is not incompatible with Christianity. The study also found that missionaries imposed their own cultural and religious biases on the Ekpeye people and failed to appreciate the richness and diversity of their indigenous religion. In addition, the authors argue that Christ is the universal Savior who can fulfill the highest religious and cultural aspirations of the Ekpeye people and that Christianity should not be seen as a foreign or alien faith.

    Why is this important?

    The study challenges the assumption that Christian missionaries were always hostile to African traditional festivals and cultures and suggests that some missionaries were willing to learn from and appreciate the Ekpeye people’s religious and cultural heritage. The study also highlights the importance of understanding the historical and social context of the Ekpeye traditional festival and how it evolved and adapted to the changing circumstances of colonialism, Christianity, and modernization. The study contributes to the ongoing dialogue and debate among Ekpeye Christians and scholars on how to integrate their ancestral faith and identity with their Christian faith and identity and how to celebrate their traditional festival in a way that honors both God and their ancestors. The study provides a rich and detailed description of the Ekpeye traditional festival, its origin, meaning, and rituals, and offers valuable insights into the Ekpeye people’s worldview, values, and spirituality. The study can serve as a useful resource for anyone interested in learning more about the Ekpeye people and their culture.

    What the Authors Recommend

    • The author advocates that the missionaries should not condemn the Ekpeye traditional festival without first understanding the cultural heritage and religious significance of the Ekpeye people. The authors argue that the festival is not incompatible with Christianity but rather a way of expressing their faith and identity.
    • The authors urge African scholars to study the Ekpeye indigenous religion themselves rather than relying on the biased and distorted views of the white missionaries. They claim that the Ekpeye indigenous religion has much to offer for the development of African theology and culture.
    • The authors challenge Ekpeye Christians to reinterpret Christ from their own context and experience rather than accepting the foreign and imposed image of Christ presented by the missionaries. They propose that Christ can be seen as the universal Saviour who fulfils the highest aspirations of Ekpeye traditional religion.

    In conclusion, Nwokuka’s insightful exploration of the Ekpeye traditional festival and the missionary enterprise sheds light on the intricate dynamics between African culture, indigenous religion, and the influence of Christianity. The study challenges stereotypes surrounding missionary interactions with traditional practices, emphasizing the need for a more nuanced understanding. By advocating for contextualized and indigenized expressions of Christianity, the author encourages a harmonious coexistence between Ekpeye cultural heritage and the Christian faith. This research contributes not only to the ongoing dialogue among Ekpeye Christians but also to a broader appreciation of the rich tapestry of African culture, urging a respectful and inclusive approach that embraces both tradition and modernity. The call to reinterpret Christ from within the cultural context resonates as a powerful invitation to bridge the gap between faiths and foster a more united, understanding, and culturally vibrant society.